الكثافة النوعية للبول
الكثافة النوعية او الوزن النوعى : هي أحد الاختبارات الفيزيائية التي يتم إجراؤها أثناء تحليل البول الروتيني.
الكثافة النوعية عبارة عن كثافة (أو وزن) عينة البول مقارنةً بكثافة (وزن) الماء المقطر عند نفس درجة الحرارة.
الأربعاء، 30 يونيو 2021
Specific Gravity of urine | Urinometer-Refractometer
Specific gravity
Specific gravity measurements are one of the physical examinations performed during a routine urinalysis.
Urine specific gravity is defined as the density (or weight) of the urine specimen as compared to the density (weight) of distilled water at the same temperature.
The density of the urine specimen is dependent on the
amount and size of the dissolved substances present
in the urine specimen.
These include such substances as glucose, proteins, and electrolytes. The kidneys are responsible for selective reabsorption of essential chemicals and fluid after the blood is filtered.
Abnormal specific gravity values may be an early indication of renal dysfunction.
Low specific gravity urine is considered to be dilute with very few dissolved substances, whereas urine with a high specific gravity indicates that the urine is concentrated with increased amounts of dissolved substances.
خطه شاملة لتطوير نفسك فى مجال التحاليل الطبيه
دلوقتى لو واحد مبتدئ عاوز خطه يمشي عليها لتطوير نفسه فى مجال التحاليل الطبيه بشكل يمكنه من ممارسه المهنه باحترافيه ... يعمل ايه؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟
حنحاول فى البوست ده الاجابه على السؤال بشكل علمى موضوعى قابل للتنفيذ
اولا حنقسم الشغل فى مجال التحاليل الطبيه الى قسمين
***** القسم الاول و هو الشغل العملي:
=====================
و ده الجزء الاساسي لاى مشتغل بالتحاليل (سواء اخصائي او فنى) لان بدونه يبقي انت متقدرش تمارس المهنه
الجزء ده ملوش حل غير انك تقف فعليا فى معمل لممارسه المهنه و التي تشمل الاتى
1- التدريب على سحب العينات (بالممارسه الفعليه كلما امكن)
2- التدريب على شغل الاستقبال من مقابله مرضى و قراءه ريكوست و غيره (يحتاج ممارسه حوالى شهر متواصل)
3- التدريب على شغل الكيمياء (يحتاج ممارسه حوالى شهر متواصل بشرط يكون المعمل ذو ريت متوسط على الاقل)
4- التدريب على شغل الميكروبيولوجى و الباراسيتولوجى (يحتاج ممارسه حوالى 5 شهور بشرط يكون المعمل ذو ريت متوسط على الاقل)
5- التدريب علي شغل الهيماتولوجى (يحتاج ممارسه حوالى 5 شهور مع ضروره التدريب على فيلم الدم و الشغل المانيوال لصوره الدم)
لازم نعرف كويس ان من المستحيل تلاقي معمل يقبل يدرب حد المده دى (حوالى سنه) لمجرد التدريب انما ده حيتم لما تقدم فى معمل و تشتغل فعليا فاعمل لنفسك الخطه الزمنيه دى عشان تتعلم صح
الحل البديل ان النقابه مثلا تتبنى موضوع التدريب العملى لأعضاء شعبه العلوم الطبيه عن طريق تجهيز معمل فعلى فى مقر النقابه و تبقي سنه التدريب دى كأنها سنه امتيازمثلا
***** القسم الثانى و هو الشغل النظرى:
=====================
و ده الجزء الخاص باخصائي التحاليل الطبيه و اللازم لتفسير نتائج التحاليل الطبيه و ربطها بالحاله المرضيه و ده يقع العبء الاكبر فيه عليك و على ارادتك فى انك تصبح متميز و محترف فى المجال
و عشان يبقي كلامنا محدد حنقسم العلوم الطبيه المعمليه و نكتب مع كل قسم افضل مرجع علمى تقدر تشتغل منه و تتعلم المهنه بشكل علمى صحيح
*** علم الكيمياء الاكلينيكيه: تقدر تشتغل من مرجع
Clinical Biochemistry AN ILLUSTRATED COLOUR TEXT (Fifth Edition)
Clinical Chemistry TECHNIQUES, PRINCIPLES, CORRELATIONS (Sixth Edition)
*** علم الميكروبيولوجى (البكتريا و الفيروسات و الباراسيتولوجى و المزارع): تقدر تشتغل من مرجع
District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries (Monica Cheesbrough) Part 1 (Second Edition)
District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries (Monica Cheesbrough) Part 2 (Second Edition)
*** تحليل البول: تقدر تشتغل من مرجع
Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Fifth Edition)
*** تحليل السائل المنوى: تقدر تشتغل من مرجع
WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human semen (Fifth Edition)
*** علم الهيماتولوجى: تقدر تشتغل من مرجع
Hematology in Practice (Betty Ciesla, 2007)
*** بعد كده عندنا مرجعين مميزين اوى لانهم بيشملوا فى كلامهم كل الفروع السابقه بشكل مبسط فممكن تستخدمهم كنوع من المراجعه و حيبقى كلامهم سهل كتير لانك قرأت قبلهم مراجع قويه جدا
Essentials of Clinical Pathology (First Edition: 2010)
A Concise Review of Clinical Laboratory Science (Second Edition)
*** و اخيرا بعد كده تقدر بكل بساطه تشتغل من كتب اسئله البورد الامريكى للتحاليل الطبيه كمراجعه للمعلومات اللى ذاكرتها قبل كده بحيث تصل لافضل مستوى علمى ممكن فى مجال التحاليل الطبيه
BOC study guide 5th edition
Medical Laboratory Science Review (Fourth Edition)
ملحوظه مفيش وقت زمنى محدد هنا لانها تعتمد على مدى رغبتك فى التعلم و كمان تعتمد على الوقت المتاح فعليا ليك
السبت، 26 يونيو 2021
تحليل البول كامل urine analysis
تحليل البول كامل
تحليل البول كامل Urine Analysis
يعد فحص وتحليل البول من أهم الفحوصات المطلوبة كثيرا والتى يجب أن يعرف الاخصائى كل شئ عنه وفى الاونة الاخيره يستخدم الاخصائى شرائط الغمس على نطاق واسع فى فحص البول لسهولة وسرعة إجراء الاختبارات المختلفة لكن ينصح بتحضير محاليل الفحص الكيميائية لاستخدامها فى حالة تلف الشرائط أو للتاكد من دقة الاختبارات.
الخميس، 17 يونيو 2021
Quality Assurance in the Pathology Laboratory
Quality Assurance in the Pathology Laboratory
Forensic, Technical, and Ethical Aspects
Edited by Maciej J. Bogusz
Contents
Part I
Quality Assurance of Chemometric Methods and Pathology: Selected Topics
1 The Preanalytical Phase in Quality Assurance
Giuseppe Lippi and Gian Cesare Guidi
2 Quality Assurance of Point-of-Care and On-Site Drug Testing
James H. Nichols
3 Quality Assurance of Identification with Chromatographic–Mass Spectrometric Methods
Maciej J. Bogusz
4 Quality Assurance of Quantification Using Chromatographic Methods with Linear Relation between Dose and Detector Response
Georg Schmitt and Rolf Aderjan
Part II
Quality Assurance Aspects of Newly Emerging Methods in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
5 Pharmacogenomics, Personalized Medicine, and Personalized Justice Influencing the Quality and Practice of Forensic Science
Steven H.Y. Wong
6 Quality Aspects in Autopsy versus Virtopsy
Michael J. Thali and Stephan A. Bolliger
Part III
Accreditation, Standards, and Education: Their Role in Maintaining Quality
7 Role of Accreditation Procedures in Maintaining Quality
Maciej J. Bogusz and Huda Hassan
8 Role of Governmental and Professional Organizations in Setting Quality Standards in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Related Areas
Maciej J. Bogusz
9 Education and Training in the Changing Environment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Gian Cesare Guidi and Giuseppe Lippi
10 Quality Assurance Aspects of Interpretation of Results in Clinical and Forensic Toxicology
Katrin M. Kirschbaum and Frank Musshoff
book here
الأربعاء، 16 يونيو 2021
Bioanalytical chemistry - Mikkelsen & Corton
Bioanalytical chemistry - Mikkelsen & Corton
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (Organ Function Tests, Laboratory Investigations and Inborn Metabolic Diseases)
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
(Organ Function Tests, Laboratory Investigations and Inborn Metabolic Diseases)
Clinical Laboratory Science : The Basics and Routine Techniques
Clinical Laboratory Science
The Basics and Routine Techniques
الاثنين، 14 يونيو 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Sixth Edition
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 4 Material Equilibrium
CHAPTER 5 Standard
CHAPTER 6 Thermodynamic Functions of Reaction
CHAPTER 7 Reaction Equilibrium in Ideal Gas Mixtures
CHAPTER 8 One-Component Phase Equilibrium and Surfaces
CHAPTER 9 Real Gases
CHAPTER 10 Solutions
CHAPTER 11 Nonideal Solutions
CHAPTER 12 Reaction Equilibrium in Nonideal Systems
CHAPTER 13 Multicomponent Phase Equilibrium
CHAPTER 14 Electrochemical Systems
CHAPTER 15 Kinetic Theory of Gases
CHAPTER 16 Transport Processes
CHAPTER 17 Reaction Kinetics
CHAPTER 18 Quantum Mechanics
CHAPTER 19 Atomic Structure
CHAPTER 20 Molecular Electronic Structure
CHAPTER 21 Spectroscopy and Photochemistry
CHAPTER 22 Statistical Mechanics
CHAPTER 23 Theories of Reaction Rates
CHAPTER 24 Solids and Liquids
Book here
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (Organ Function Tests, Laboratory Investigations and Inborn Metabolic Diseases)
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
(Organ Function Tests, Laboratory Investigations and Inborn Metabolic Diseases)
Contents
Part 1: Organ Function Tests 1-82
1. Renal Function Tests .................................................................................................................... 3
2. Liver Function Tests ....................................................................................................................... 15
3. Gastric Function Tests .................................................................................................................... 36
4. Thyroid Function Tests .................................................................................................................. 47
5. Adrenocortical Function Tests ...................................................................................................... 60
6. Pancreatic Function Tests .............................................................................................................. 72
Part 2: Laboratory Investigations 83-262
7. Hyperglycaemia .............................................................................................................................. 85
8. Hypoglycaemia ................................................................................................................................ 96
9. Hypercalcaemia ............................................................................................................................. 106
10. Hypocalcaemia .............................................................................................................................. 118
11. Hypercortisolism ........................................................................................................................... 125
12. Hypocortisolism ............................................................................................................................ 132
13. Hyperlipoproteinaemias (Hyperlipidaemias) ......................................................................... 139
14. Jaundice .......................................................................................................................................... 149
15. Neonatal Jaundice ......................................................................................................................... 159
16. Hyperthyroidism ........................................................................................................................... 171
17. Hypothyroidism ............................................................................................................................ 182
18. Malabsorption Syndrome ............................................................................................................ 191
19. Obesity ............................................................................................................................................ 204
20. Polyuria ........................................................................................................................................... 212
21. Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction ............................................................................................. 218
22. Haemolytic Anaemia .................................................................................................................... 227
23. Iron Deficiency Anaemia ............................................................................................................ 240
24. Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anaemia .......................................................................................... 248
Part 3: Miscellaneous 263-290
25. Enzymes and Isoenzymes in Clinical Medicine ..................................................................... 265
26. Oncogenic Markers (Tumour Markers) .................................................................................... 281
Part 4: Inborn Metabolic Diseases (Inborn Errors of Metabolism) 291-376
27. Inborn Metabolic Diseases (Inborn Errors of Metabolism) ................................................. 293
A. Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism .............................................................................. 295
B. Amino Acid Metabolic Disorders ......................................................................................... 327
C. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism ............................................................................................. 358
D. Inborn Errors of Defective DNA Repair and Purines/Pyrimidine Metabolism ........... 365
References ............................................................................................................. 377
Index ...................................................................................................................... 379
Book here
السبت، 12 يونيو 2021
The ABC of CBC Complet Blood Count Book
The ABC of CBC Complet Blood Count Book
Contents
1. Introduction and Significance of CBC 1
2. Red Blood Cells 6
2. A. Red blood cells 6
2. B. Hemoglobin 8
2. C. Reticulocyte 12
2. D. Hematocrit -packed cell volume (PCV) 14
2. E. Mean corpuscular volume 16
2. F. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 18
2. G. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 18
2. H. Red cell distribution width (RDW) 19
3. RBCs on Peripheral Smear 23
3. A. RBCs on peripheral smear 24
3. B. Hemoparasite 32
4. White Blood Cells 41
4. A. WBC count 41
4. B. Polymorphs 46
4. C. Eosinophils 52
4. D. Basophils 53
4. E. Monocytes 54
4. F. Lymphocytes 55
5. Platelets 59
5. A. Platelet count 59
5. B. Disorders of platelets 64
5. C. Mean platelet volume (MPV) 66
5. D. Platelet distribution width (PDW) 67
5. E. Plateletcrit (PCT) 68
5. F. Immature platelet fraction (IPF) 68
6. Manual v/s Automation in Hematology 70
7. General Principle of Histogram Generation and Interpretation 82
8. Histograms 87
9. Scattergram 127
10. Case Studies 131
11. Quality Control 162
Bibliography 171
Index 173
This book here
الجمعة، 11 يونيو 2021
Hematology in Practice
Hematology in Practice Book
PART I BASIC HEMATOLOGY PRINCIPLES
1- Introduction to Hematology and Basic Laboratory Practices
2- From Hematopoiesis to the Complete Blood Count
3- Red Blood Cell Production, Function, and Relevant Red Cell Morphology
4- Hemoglobin Function and Principles of Hemolysis
PART II RED CELL DISORDERS
5- The Microcytic Anemias
6- The Macrocytic Anemias
7- Normochromic Anemias, Biochemical and Membrane Disorders, and Miscellaneous Red Cell Disorders
8- The Normochromic Anemias Due to Hemoglobinopathies
PART III WHITE CELL DISORDERS
9- Leukopoiesis and Leukopoietic Function
10- Abnormalities of White Cells: Quantitative,Qualitative, and the Lipid Storage Diseases
11- Acute Leukemias
12- Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
13- Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Related Plasma Cell Disorders
14- The Myelodysplastic Syndromes
PART IV HEMOSTASIS AND DISORDERS OF COAGULATION
15- Overview of Hemostasis and Platelet Physiology
16- Quantitative and Qualitative Platelet Disorders
17- Defects of Plasma Clotting Factors
18- Fibrinogen, Thrombin, and the Fibrinolytic System
19- Introduction to Thrombosis and Anticoagulant Therapy
PART V LABORATORY PROCEDURES
20- Basic Procedures in a Hematology Laboratory
Clinical Chemistry - Principles, Techniques, Correlations
Clinical Chemistry - Principles, Techniques, Correlations Book
Contents
Part (1) Basic Principles and Practice of Clinical Chemistry 1-Basic Principles and Practices
2-Laboratory Safety and Regulations
3-Method Evaluation
4-Lean Six Sigma Methodology for Quality Improvement in the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory
5-Analytic Techniques
6-Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
7-Principles of Clinical Chemistry Automation
8-Immunochemical Techniques
9-Molecular Theory and Techniques
10-Point-of-Care Testing
Part (2) Clinical Correlations and Analytic Procedures
11-Amino Acids and Proteins
12-Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds
13-Enzymes
14-Carbohydrates
15-Lipids and Lipoproteins
16-Electrolytes
17-Blood Gases, pH, and Buffer Systems
18-Trace and Toxic Elements
19-Porphyrins and Hemoglobin
Part (3) Assessment of Organ System Functions
20-Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function
21-Adrenal Function
22-Gonadal Function
23-The Thyroid Gland
24-Calcium Homeostasis and Hormonal Regulation
25-Liver Function
26 Laboratory Markers of Cardiac Damage and Function
27-Renal Function
28-Pancreatic Function and Gastrointestinal Function
29-Body Fluid Analysis
Part (4) Specialty Areas of Clinical Chemistry
30-Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
31-Toxicology
32-Circulating Tumor Markers: Basic Concepts and Clinical Applications
33-Nutrition Assessment
34-Clinical Chemistry and the Geriatric Patient
35-Clinical Chemistry and the Pediatric Patient
This book here !!!!
Modern Analytical Chemistry book
Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1A What is Analytical Chemistry? 2
1B The Analytical Perspective 5
1C Common Analytical Problems 8
1D Key Terms 9
1E Summary 9
1F Problems 9
1G Suggested Readings 10
1H References
Chapter 2
Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry 11
2A Numbers in Analytical Chemistry 12
2A.1 Fundamental Units of Measure 12
2A.2 Significant Figures 13
2B Units for Expressing Concentration 15
2B.1 Molarity and Formality 15
2B.2 Normality 16
2B.3 Molality 18
2B.4 Weight, Volume, and Weight-to-Volume Ratios 18
2B.5 Converting Between Concentration Units 18
2B.6 p-Functions 19
2C Stoichiometric Calculations 20
2C.1 Conservation of Mass 22
2C.2 Conservation of Charge 22
2C.3 Conservation of Protons 22
2C.4 Conservation of Electron Pairs 23
2C.5 Conservation of Electrons 23
2C.6 Using Conservation Principles in Stoichiometry Problems 23
2D Basic Equipment and Instrumentation 25
2D.1 Instrumentation for Measuring Mass 25
2D.2 Equipment for Measuring Volume 26
2D.3 Equipment for Drying Samples 29
2E Preparing Solutions 30
2E.1 Preparing Stock Solutions 30
2E.2 Preparing Solutions by Dilution 31
2F The Laboratory Notebook 32
2G Key Terms 32
2H Summary 33
2I Problems 33
2J Suggested Readings 34
2K References 34
Chapter 3
The Language of Analytical Chemistry 35
3A Analysis, Determination, and Measurement 36
3B Techniques, Methods, Procedures, and
Protocols 36
3C Classifying Analytical Techniques 37
3D Selecting an Analytical Method 38
3D.1 Accuracy 38
3D.2 Precision 39
3D.3 Sensitivity 39
3D.4 Selectivity 40
3D.5 Robustness and Ruggedness 42
3D.6 Scale of Operation 42
3D.7 Equipment, Time, and Cost 44
3D.8 Making the Final Choice 44
3E Developing the Procedure 45
3E.1 Compensating for Interferences 45
3E.2 Calibration and Standardization 47
3E.3 Sampling 47
3E.4 Validation 47
3F Protocols 48
3G The Importance of Analytical Methodology 48
3H Key Terms 50
3I Summary 50
3J Problems 51
3K Suggested Readings 52
3L References 52
Chapter 4
Evaluating Analytical Data 53
4A Characterizing Measurements and Results 54
4A.1 Measures of Central Tendency 54
4A.2 Measures of Spread 55
4B Characterizing Experimental Errors 57
4B.1 Accuracy 57
4B.2 Precision 62
4B.3 Error and Uncertainty 64
4C Propagation of Uncertainty 64
4C.1 A Few Symbols 65
4C.2 Uncertainty When Adding or Subtracting 65
4C.3 Uncertainty When Multiplying or Dividing 66
4C.4 Uncertainty for Mixed Operations 66
4C.5 Uncertainty for Other Mathematical Functions 67
4C.6 Is Calculating Uncertainty Actually Useful? 68
4D The Distribution of Measurements and Results 70
4D.1 Populations and Samples 71
4D.2 Probability Distributions for Populations 71
4D.3 Confidence Intervals for Populations 75
4D.4 Probability Distributions for Samples 77
4D.5 Confidence Intervals for Samples 80
4D.6 A Cautionary Statement 81
4E Statistical Analysis of Data 82
4E.1 Significance Testing 82
4E.2 Constructing a Significance Test 83
4E.3 One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Significance Tests 84
4E.4 Errors in Significance Testing 84
4F Statistical Methods for Normal Distributions 85
4F.1 Comparing –X to μ 85
4F.2 Comparing s2 to σ2 87
4F.3 Comparing Two Sample Variances 88
4F.4 Comparing Two Sample Means 88
4F.5 Outliers 93
4G Detection Limits 95
4H Key Terms 96
4I Summary 96
4J Suggested Experiments 97
4K Problems 98
4L Suggested Readings 102
4M References 102
Chapter 5
Calibrations, Standardizations, and Blank Corrections
5A Calibrating Signals 105
5B Standardizing Methods 106
5B.1 Reagents Used as Standards 106
5B.2 Single-Point versus Multiple-Point
Standardizations 108
5B.3 External Standards 109
5B.4 Standard Additions 110
5B.5 Internal Standards 115
5C Linear Regression and Calibration Curves 117
5C.1 Linear Regression of Straight-Line Calibration Curves 118
5C.2 Unweighted Linear Regression with Errorsin y 119
5C.3 Weighted Linear Regression with Errorsin y 124
5C.4 Weighted Linear Regression with Errorsin Both x and y 127
5C.5 Curvilinear and Multivariate Regression 127
5D Blank Corrections 128
5E Key Terms 130
5F Summary 130
5G Suggested Experiments 130
5H Problems 131
5I Suggested Readings 133
5J References 134
Chapter 6
Equilibrium Chemistry 135
6A Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria 136
6B Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry 136
6C Manipulating Equilibrium Constants 138
6D Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions 139
6D.1 Precipitation Reactions 139
6D.2 Acid–Base Reactions 140
6D.3 Complexation Reactions 144
6D.4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 145
6E Le Châtelier’s Principle 148
6F Ladder Diagrams 150
6F.1 Ladder Diagrams for Acid–Base Equilibria 150
6F.2 Ladder Diagrams for Complexation Equilibria 153
6F.3 Ladder Diagrams for Oxidation–Reduction Equilibria 155
6G Solving Equilibrium Problems 156
6G.1 A Simple Problem: Solubility of Pb(IO3)2 in Water 156
6G.2 A More Complex Problem: The Common Ion Effect 157
6G.3 Systematic Approach to Solving Equilibrium Problems 159
6G.4 pH of a Monoprotic Weak Acid 160
6G.5 pH of a Polyprotic Acid or Base 163
6G.6 Effect of Complexation on Solubility 165
6H Buffer Solutions 167
6H.1 Systematic Solution to Buffer Problems 168
6H.2 Representing Buffer Solutions with Ladder Diagrams 170
6I Activity Effects 171
6J Two Final Thoughts About Equilibrium Chemistry 175
6K Key Terms 175
6L Summary 175
6M Suggested Experiments 176
6N Problems 176
6O Suggested Readings 178
6P References 178
Chapter 7
Obtaining and Preparing Samples
for Analysis 179
7A The Importance of Sampling 180
7B Designing a Sampling Plan 182
7B.1 Where to Sample the Target Population 182
7B.2 What Type of Sample to Collect 185
7B.3 How Much Sample to Collect 187
7B.4 How Many Samples to Collect 191
7B.5 Minimizing the Overall Variance 192
7C Implementing the Sampling Plan 193
7C.1 Solutions 193
7C.2 Gases 195
7C.3 Solids 196
7D Separating the Analyte from Interferents 201
7E General Theory of Separation Efficiency 202
7F Classifying Separation Techniques 205
7F.1 Separations Based on Size 205
7F.2 Separations Based on Mass or Density 206
7F.3 Separations Based on Complexation Reactions (Masking) 207
7F.4 Separations Based on a Change of State 209
7F.5 Separations Based on a Partitioning Between Phases 211
7G Liquid–Liquid Extractions 215
7G.1 Partition Coefficients and Distribution Ratios 216
7G.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction with No Secondary Reactions 216
7G.3 Liquid–Liquid Extractions Involving Acid–Base Equilibria 219
7G.4 Liquid–Liquid Extractions Involving Metal Chelators 221
7H Separation versus Preconcentration 223
7I Key Terms 224
7J Summary 224
7K Suggested Experiments 225
7L Problems 226
7M Suggested Readings 230
7N References 231
To download this book
Finar-OrganicChemistry book part (1)
Organic chemistry
is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also include any number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur).
Aliphatic compounds
The aliphatic hydrocarbons are subdivided into three groups of homologous series according to their state of saturation
alkanes (paraffins): aliphatic hydrocarbons without any double or triple bonds, i.e. just C-C, C-H single bonds
alkenes (olefins) aliphatic hydrocarbons that contain one or more double bonds, i.e. di-olefins (dienes) or poly-olefins.
alkynes (acetylenes) aliphatic hydrocarbons which have one or more triple bonds.
The rest of the group is classed according to the functional groups present. Such compounds can be "straight-chain", branched-chain or cyclic. The degree of branching affects characteristics, such as the octane number or cetane number in petroleum chemistry.
Both saturated (alicyclic) compounds and unsaturated compounds exist as cyclic derivatives. The most stable rings contain five or six carbon atoms, but large rings (macrocycles) and smaller rings are common. The smallest cycloalkane family is the three-membered cyclopropane ((CH2)3). Saturated cyclic compounds contain single bonds only, whereas aromatic rings have an alternating (or conjugated) double bond. Cycloalkanes do not contain multiple bonds, whereas the cycloalkenes and the cycloalkynes do.
Aromatic compounds
Benzene is one of the best-known aromatic compounds as it is one of the simplest and most stable aromatics.
Aromatic hydrocarbons contain conjugated double bonds. This means that every carbon atom in the ring is sp2 hybridized, allowing for added stability. The most important example is benzene, the structure of which was formulated by Kekulé who first proposed the delocalization or resonance principle for explaining its structure. For "conventional" cyclic compounds, aromaticity is conferred by the presence of 4n + 2 delocalized pi electrons, where n is an integer. Particular instability (antiaromaticity) is conferred by the presence of 4n conjugated pi electrons.
Heterocyclic compounds
The characteristics of the cyclic hydrocarbons are again altered if heteroatoms are present, which can exist as either substituents attached externally to the ring (exocyclic) or as a member of the ring itself (endocyclic). In the case of the latter, the ring is termed a heterocycle. Pyridine and furan are examples of aromatic heterocycles while piperidine and tetrahydrofuran are the corresponding alicyclic heterocycles. The heteroatom of heterocyclic molecules is generally oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, with the latter being particularly common in biochemical systems.
Heterocycles are commonly found in a wide range of products including aniline dyes and medicines. Additionally, they are prevalent in a wide range of biochemical compounds such as alkaloids, vitamins, steroids, and nucleic acids (e.g. DNA, RNA).
Rings can fuse with other rings on an edge to give polycyclic compounds. The purine nucleoside bases are notable polycyclic aromatic heterocycles. Rings can also fuse on a "corner" such that one atom (almost always carbon) has two bonds going to one ring and two to another. Such compounds are termed spiro and are important in several natural products.
THIS BOOK
الخميس، 10 يونيو 2021
Postgraduate Haematology
Postgraduate Haematology Book
EDITED BY
A Victor Hoffbrand MA, DM, FRCP, FRCPath,
FRCP (Edin), DSc, FMedSci
Emeritus Professor of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
Douglas R Higgs MD, FRCP, FRS
Professor of Molecular Haematology & Director, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
David M Keeling BSc, MD, FRCP, FRCPath
Consultant Haematologist, Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
Atul B Mehta MA, MD, FRCP, FRCPath
Consultant Haematologist, Lysosomal Storage Disorders Unit, Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
Seventh Edition
Contents
Contributor list, vii
Preface to the seventh edition, x
Preface to the first edition, xi
1 Stem cells and haemopoiesis, 1
Emma de Pater, Elaine Dzierzak
2 Erythropoiesis, 11
Douglas R Higgs, Noemi Roy, Deborah Hay ́
3 Iron metabolism, iron deficiency and disorders of haem synthesis, 21
Clara Camaschella, A Victor Hoffbrand, Chaim Hershko
4 Iron overload, 40
Clara Camaschella, A Victor Hoffbrand, Maria Domenica Cappellini
5 Megaloblastic anaemia, 53
A Victor Hoffbrand
6 Haemoglobin and the inherited disorders of globin synthesis, 72
Swee Lay Thein, David Rees
7 Sickle cell disease, 98
Anne Marsh, Elliott P Vichinsky
8 Hereditary disorders of the red cell membrane and disorders of red cell metabolism, 114
Paola Bianchi, Narla Mohandas
9 Acquired haemolytic anaemias, 138
Modupe O Elebute, Rachel Kesse-Adu
10 Inherited aplastic anaemia/bone marrow failure syndromes, 156
Inderjeet S Dokal
11 Acquired aplastic anaemia and paroxysmal
nocturnal haemoglobinuria, 174
Judith CW Marsh, Austin G Kulasekararaj, Neal S Young, Peter Hillmen
12 Red cell immunohaematology, 195
Geoff Daniels, Marcela Contreras, Shubha Allard
13 Clinical blood transfusion, 214
Shubha Allard, Marcela Contreras
14 Phagocytes, 246
John Mascarenhas, Marina Kremyanskaya, Ronald Hoffman
15 Lysosomal storage disorders, 270
Atul B Mehta, Derralynn A Hughes
16 Normal lymphocytes and non-neoplastic
lymphocyte disorders, 278
Paul Moss, Mark Drayson
17 The spleen, 303
Paul Moss
18 The molecular basis of haematological
malignancies, 314
Niccolo Bolli, George Vassiliou
19 Laboratory diagnosis of haematological
neoplasms, 332
Torsten Haferlach, Barbara J Bain
20 Acute myeloid leukaemia, 352
Alan K Burnett, David Grimwade
21 Adult acute lymphoblastic Llukaemia, 371
Clare J Rowntree, Adele K Fielding
22 Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 384
Ajay Vora
23 Supportive care in the management of leukaemia, 399
Eliza Gil, Vanya Gant, Panagiotis Kottaridis
24 Chronic myeloid leukaemia, 419
David TO Yeung, Timothy P Hughes
25 The myelodysplastic syndromes, 438
Kavita Raj, Ghulam J Mufti
26 Myeloproliferative neoplasms, 474
Peter J Campbell, Claire Harrison,
Anthony R Green
27 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and other chronic
B-cell disorders, 500
Emili Montserrat, Peter Hillmen
28 T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, 524
Pier Luigi Zinzani, Alessandro Broccoli
29 Multiple myeloma, 537
Jesus San-Miguel, Joan Blad ́ e ́
30 Amyloidosis, 562
Simon DJ Gibbs, Philip N Hawkins
31 The classification of lymphomas: updating the WHO
classification, 575
Elias Campo, Stefano A Pileri
32 Hodgkin lymphoma, 601
Piers Blombery, David Linch
33 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: low grade, 614
William Townsend, Robert Marcus
34 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: high grade, 631
Jessica Okosun, Kate Cwynarski
35 Stem cell transplantation, 651
Charles Craddock, Ronjon Chakraverty
36 Normal haemostasis, 676
Keith Gomez, John H McVey
37 The vascular function of platelets, 699
Stephen P Watson, Neil V Morgan, Paul Harrison
38 Haemophilia and Von Willebrand disease, 715
Michael A Laffan, K John Pasi
39 Rare inherited coagulation disorders, 733
Flora Peyvandi, Marzia Menegatti
40 Acquired coagulation disorders, 743
Peter W Collins, Jecko Thachil, Cheng-Hock Toh
41 Congenital platelet disorders, 761
Maurizio Margaglione, Paul RJ Ames
42 Primary immune thrombocytopenia, 773
Drew Provan, Adrian C Newland
43 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and
haemolytic–uraemic syndrome (congenital and
acquired), 783
Pier Mannuccio Mannucci, Flora Peyvandi,
Roberta Palla
44 Heritable thrombophilia, 795
Trevor Baglin, David Keeling
45 Acquired venous thrombosis, 809
Beverley J Hunt, Henry G Watson
46 Antithrombotic agents, 820
Trevor Baglin, David Keeling
47 Management of venous thromboembolism, 830
Trevor Baglin, David Keeling
48 Haematological aspects of systemic disease, 838
A Victor Hoffbrand, Atul B Mehta
49 Haematological aspects of tropical diseases, 854
Imelda Bates, Ivy Ekem
50 Neonatal haematology, 870
Irene Roberts, Subarna Chakravorty
51 WHO Classification: Tumours of the
Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues (2008), 885
الاشتراك في:
الرسائل (Atom)